Prefilters and carbon blocks have very little to absolutely nothing to do with TDS, they are there to protect the RO membrane from large sediment and particulates, suspended solids not dissolved solids, and chlorine.\
You change the prefilter and carbon every 6 months like clockwork regardless of how much or little water you have made. Remember, all water passes through these first filters including the waste so you have passed at least 5 times as much water through them as you have treated. You should also disinfect the system at this time since you already have it out of service and disinfection takes like 5 minutes.
You change the RO membrane when it is no longer cost effective to keep changing DI resin or cartridges, usually when the rejection rate has dropped to maybe 94-95% depending on your tap water quality. A good rule of thumb says for every 2% your rejection rate drops it cuts your DI life in half so the difference between 96-98% and 94-95% is quite dramatic and you recover the cost of the new membrane quickly if you make much water.
You replace the DI resin or cartridge when the final RO/DI TDS is anything other than 0 on a consistent basis. If after running a few minutes the TDS does not drop to 0 its time for a change.
You need a TDS meter if you do not already own one, handheld meters are better than inline meters since you can use them portable and test not just two dedicated places. You need to know your tap wate rTDS, RO only TDS and RO/DI TDS so that would require two dual inline TDS meters but only one handheld. That plus the handhelds are more accurate since most like the HM Digital TDS-3 or TDS-4 are temperature compensated unlike the inlines. The reading can be significantly off if your water temperature and air temperature are not exactly the same and they rarely are.