Honestly, if your budget is less than $150, your phone will probably take better pictures than whatever you can get at that price point. You definitely aren't going to find a new camera at that price point that can outperform modern phones.
If you do want to get a standalone camera, be prepared to spend a decent chunk of change even for a used camera, or be prepared to spend a lot of time looking for a good deal. If you do want to look for one,
mpb.com is a good site to use. It's where I picked up my camera, a used Nikon D5500. It does outperform my phone when I have it set up correctly, but I spent $300 for the camera and another $150 for the lens. It's also a lot more work to set up both the camera and the individual shots; that's the drawback of being able to manually set the characteristics of your shot in a really fine-grained way. And that can be quite the drawback; there's a lot to remember about how to get shots set up, and if you go without taking pictures it's easy to forget what you used to do to get good pictures. I finally pulled out my camera to take pictures again today (I went more than a year without doing so for a variety of reasons), and the pictures were... well, absolute garbage.
On the other hand, most modern phones are constantly being tweaked through updates, and the automatic mode is getting better than ever on most phones. My current phone (a budget TCL20 or something like that) can take shots that are... probably 80% as good as the "acceptable" shots from my camera. On the other hand, I don't need to think about shot composition when I use my phone. Just pull it out, point it at the thing and take a picture. And for most of what I want to do that's good enough.
I don't regret my purchase and would do it again; it is incredibly satisfying to get that really good shot with the camera. But for most of what I do, my phone is much more useful.
