bluewill
Active Member
following ,
and researching a possible why to this phenomena
The below excerpts were taken from various research articles, I read last night . My pre conclusion is that their is quantifiable evidence as to why this may have worked in "itsanames" system, and would definately induce future discussion and experiments
FYI their were many more references apllicable
"The ethyl acetate extracts of U. lactuca, U. fasciata and U. reticulata showed the presence of phytochemicals, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds strongly than the other extracts. The finding suggested that ethyl acetate extracts of U. lactuca, U. fasciata and U. reticulata exhibited an antifungal substance for the treatment of fungal infections. "
"
Sargassum, Gracilaria and Ulva Exhibit Positive Antimicrobial Activity against Human Pathogens"
"This work shows the capabilities of living seaweed, Ulva lactuca, to remove As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn and Ni from contaminated waters. Experiments were performed with three algal doses (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g L-1, FW), two ionic strengths (salinity 15 and 35), and trace element concentrations corresponding to the maximum allowed values in wastewaters. The highest removals were obtained with the algal dose of 6 g L-1, with efficiencies varying between 48% for As and 98% for Hg, after 24 to 72 h. Salinity showed no effect on the removal efficiency. Overall, Elovich model was the best in describing the kinetics of the process, except for Hg, where pseudo-second-order model performed better. The use of extractions with EDTA (0.001, 0.01 to 0.1 mol L-1) has clarified that most of the Hg (≈98%) and Cr (≈80%) crossed the macroalgae walls, while Ni, Cd and As were retained at the surface (between 60 and 80%). These results support the hypothesis that
---------------------------------------------
"Submerged aquatic macrophytes are important in shallow aquatic ecosystems because they stabilize the macrophyte-dominated state by increasing water transparency in various ways. One of these is the excretion of allelopathic substances inhibitory to phytoplankton,
----------------------------------------
"Many species of ulvoid green algae produce allelochemicals whose effects include reducing densities of barnacles in tidepools (Magre, 1974); causing mortality in crab larvae (Johnson and Welsh, 1985), oyster larvae ( Nelson et al., 2003a;Nelson and Gregg, 2013), and juvenile abalone C15 11/15/2017 17:9:28 Page 542 ( Wang et al., 2011); inhibiting the growth of planktonic microalgae (Jin and Dong, 2003;Wang et al., 2009;Tang and Gobler, 2011) and benthic macroalgae (Nelson et al., 2003a); and reducing fouling by epiphytic bacteria, algae, and invertebrates ( Egan et al., 2000;Nelson et al., 2003b;Harder et al., 2004;Hellio et al., 2004). ...
-----------------------------------------
"This study demonstrated that the green macroalga, U. lactuca,is
capable of restricting the growth of seven species of phytoplankton
that form HABs across the globe. The occurrence of these impacts
in the presence of high nutrient concentrations, undetectable
bacterial concentrations, and normal pH levels implicates allelo-
chemicals as a causative mechanism in the growth reduction of
HABs. The ability of aqueous extracts of macroalgae or live thalli of
macroalgae connected to HABs through a 5-
m
m mesh to restrict
HAB growth demonstrated that the dry powder of U. lactuca
contains water-soluble and heat-stable allelochemical(s) respon-
sible for inhibiting the growth or lysis of the cells of microalgae and
that direct contact is not required for the effects of U. lactuca on
these Harmful Algea Blooms species to occur. Collectively, these results provide new
insight into the ecological role of macroalgae such as U. lactuca in
the occurrence of HABs."
----------------------------------------------
"Based on prior research conducted with species of Ulva from
Asia, some of the allelochemicals produced by this alga may
include polyunsaturated fatty acids (Alamsjah et al., 2005, 2008).
Dithiolane and trithiane compounds isolated and identified from
Characean species were also observed to cause allelopathic effects
on epiphytic diatoms and other phytoplankton (Wium-Andersen
et al., 1982). Our results demonstrated that the dried or heated
extracts of U. lactuca were equally or more potent than the
equivalent thalli, an observation consistent with the hypothesis
that polyunsaturated fatty acids or organosulfur compounds are
active allelopathic agents. The enhanced potency of the extracts
also suggests that allelochemicals in cells were more concentrated
than the portion released into the environment."
read full text
https://www.researchgate.net/public...n_Harmful_Algal_Bloom_Species_via_Allelopathy
--------------------------------------
"The results of experiments using the U. lactuca extract after
adjustment of pH to 8.5 showed similar cell lysis effects in the four
target species, A. anophagefferens,P. minimum,K. veneficum, and C.
marina during 48 h incubations and no live cells were observed
under an inverted microscope for all test species at 48 h,"
-------------------------------------
Allelopathic effects of several concentrations of fresh tissue, dry powder and dry tissue of three bloom-forming green macroalgae Ulva pertusa, Ulva linza and Enteromopha intestinalis on the red tide microalga Heterosigma akashiwo were evaluated in microcosms systems. The effects of macroalgae culture medium filtrate were investigated on H. akashiwo using initial or semi-continuous filtrate addition.the growth of H. akashiwo was significantly inhibited under semi-continuous filtrate addition, which suggests that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh tissue of both macroalgae was effective in inhibiting the growth of H. akashiwo.
read this paper
https://www.researchgate.net/public..._Pharmacology_and_Harmful_Algae_Bloom_Control
-----------------------------------
"The isolation of natural compounds from many aquatic and terrestrial plants and seaweeds has become an alternative approach for controlling harmful algae in aquatic systems. Seaweeds have received attention from scientists because of their bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-microalgae, and antioxidant properties. The undesirable effects of cyanobacteria proliferations and potential control methods are here reviewed, focusing on the use of potent bioactive compounds, isolated from seaweeds, against microalgae and cyanobacteria growth.
(PDF) Seaweed Bioactive Compounds against Pathogens and Microalgae: Potential Uses on Pharmacology and Harmful Algae Bloom Control. Available from:
not related but interesting
"Clay dispersal is one of only a few mitigation methods for harmful algal blooms (HABs) ever applied in the field; however, low flocculation efficiency has always been the most significant drawback associated with natural unmodified clays. This review discusses key factors affecting the flocculation efficiency, based on results obtained in studies of the mechanisms underlying interactions between clay particles and HAB organisms. It further elaborates clay surface modification theory and methods for improving removal efficiency of HAB cells, followed by descriptions of various modified clays successfully prepared with removal efficiencies of HAB cells that are up to hundreds of times greater than natural clays and have lower dosing requirements of 4–10 t/km². Presently, modified clays are the most widely used method for the mitigation of HAB in the field in China. This review also evaluates potential ecological effects of modified clay disposal on water quality, typical aquatic organisms, benthic environments, and ecosystems. Both laboratory and field results have demonstrated that modified clays markedly can actually improve water quality after treatment and pose no negative effects on aquatic ecosystems."
and researching a possible why to this phenomena
The below excerpts were taken from various research articles, I read last night . My pre conclusion is that their is quantifiable evidence as to why this may have worked in "itsanames" system, and would definately induce future discussion and experiments
FYI their were many more references apllicable
"The ethyl acetate extracts of U. lactuca, U. fasciata and U. reticulata showed the presence of phytochemicals, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds strongly than the other extracts. The finding suggested that ethyl acetate extracts of U. lactuca, U. fasciata and U. reticulata exhibited an antifungal substance for the treatment of fungal infections. "
"
Sargassum, Gracilaria and Ulva Exhibit Positive Antimicrobial Activity against Human Pathogens"
"This work shows the capabilities of living seaweed, Ulva lactuca, to remove As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn and Ni from contaminated waters. Experiments were performed with three algal doses (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g L-1, FW), two ionic strengths (salinity 15 and 35), and trace element concentrations corresponding to the maximum allowed values in wastewaters. The highest removals were obtained with the algal dose of 6 g L-1, with efficiencies varying between 48% for As and 98% for Hg, after 24 to 72 h. Salinity showed no effect on the removal efficiency. Overall, Elovich model was the best in describing the kinetics of the process, except for Hg, where pseudo-second-order model performed better. The use of extractions with EDTA (0.001, 0.01 to 0.1 mol L-1) has clarified that most of the Hg (≈98%) and Cr (≈80%) crossed the macroalgae walls, while Ni, Cd and As were retained at the surface (between 60 and 80%). These results support the hypothesis that
---------------------------------------------
"Submerged aquatic macrophytes are important in shallow aquatic ecosystems because they stabilize the macrophyte-dominated state by increasing water transparency in various ways. One of these is the excretion of allelopathic substances inhibitory to phytoplankton,
----------------------------------------
"Many species of ulvoid green algae produce allelochemicals whose effects include reducing densities of barnacles in tidepools (Magre, 1974); causing mortality in crab larvae (Johnson and Welsh, 1985), oyster larvae ( Nelson et al., 2003a;Nelson and Gregg, 2013), and juvenile abalone C15 11/15/2017 17:9:28 Page 542 ( Wang et al., 2011); inhibiting the growth of planktonic microalgae (Jin and Dong, 2003;Wang et al., 2009;Tang and Gobler, 2011) and benthic macroalgae (Nelson et al., 2003a); and reducing fouling by epiphytic bacteria, algae, and invertebrates ( Egan et al., 2000;Nelson et al., 2003b;Harder et al., 2004;Hellio et al., 2004). ...
-----------------------------------------
"This study demonstrated that the green macroalga, U. lactuca,is
capable of restricting the growth of seven species of phytoplankton
that form HABs across the globe. The occurrence of these impacts
in the presence of high nutrient concentrations, undetectable
bacterial concentrations, and normal pH levels implicates allelo-
chemicals as a causative mechanism in the growth reduction of
HABs. The ability of aqueous extracts of macroalgae or live thalli of
macroalgae connected to HABs through a 5-
m
m mesh to restrict
HAB growth demonstrated that the dry powder of U. lactuca
contains water-soluble and heat-stable allelochemical(s) respon-
sible for inhibiting the growth or lysis of the cells of microalgae and
that direct contact is not required for the effects of U. lactuca on
these Harmful Algea Blooms species to occur. Collectively, these results provide new
insight into the ecological role of macroalgae such as U. lactuca in
the occurrence of HABs."
----------------------------------------------
"Based on prior research conducted with species of Ulva from
Asia, some of the allelochemicals produced by this alga may
include polyunsaturated fatty acids (Alamsjah et al., 2005, 2008).
Dithiolane and trithiane compounds isolated and identified from
Characean species were also observed to cause allelopathic effects
on epiphytic diatoms and other phytoplankton (Wium-Andersen
et al., 1982). Our results demonstrated that the dried or heated
extracts of U. lactuca were equally or more potent than the
equivalent thalli, an observation consistent with the hypothesis
that polyunsaturated fatty acids or organosulfur compounds are
active allelopathic agents. The enhanced potency of the extracts
also suggests that allelochemicals in cells were more concentrated
than the portion released into the environment."
read full text
https://www.researchgate.net/public...n_Harmful_Algal_Bloom_Species_via_Allelopathy
--------------------------------------
"The results of experiments using the U. lactuca extract after
adjustment of pH to 8.5 showed similar cell lysis effects in the four
target species, A. anophagefferens,P. minimum,K. veneficum, and C.
marina during 48 h incubations and no live cells were observed
under an inverted microscope for all test species at 48 h,"
-------------------------------------
Allelopathic effects of several concentrations of fresh tissue, dry powder and dry tissue of three bloom-forming green macroalgae Ulva pertusa, Ulva linza and Enteromopha intestinalis on the red tide microalga Heterosigma akashiwo were evaluated in microcosms systems. The effects of macroalgae culture medium filtrate were investigated on H. akashiwo using initial or semi-continuous filtrate addition.the growth of H. akashiwo was significantly inhibited under semi-continuous filtrate addition, which suggests that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh tissue of both macroalgae was effective in inhibiting the growth of H. akashiwo.
read this paper
https://www.researchgate.net/public..._Pharmacology_and_Harmful_Algae_Bloom_Control
-----------------------------------
"The isolation of natural compounds from many aquatic and terrestrial plants and seaweeds has become an alternative approach for controlling harmful algae in aquatic systems. Seaweeds have received attention from scientists because of their bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-microalgae, and antioxidant properties. The undesirable effects of cyanobacteria proliferations and potential control methods are here reviewed, focusing on the use of potent bioactive compounds, isolated from seaweeds, against microalgae and cyanobacteria growth.
(PDF) Seaweed Bioactive Compounds against Pathogens and Microalgae: Potential Uses on Pharmacology and Harmful Algae Bloom Control. Available from:
not related but interesting
"Clay dispersal is one of only a few mitigation methods for harmful algal blooms (HABs) ever applied in the field; however, low flocculation efficiency has always been the most significant drawback associated with natural unmodified clays. This review discusses key factors affecting the flocculation efficiency, based on results obtained in studies of the mechanisms underlying interactions between clay particles and HAB organisms. It further elaborates clay surface modification theory and methods for improving removal efficiency of HAB cells, followed by descriptions of various modified clays successfully prepared with removal efficiencies of HAB cells that are up to hundreds of times greater than natural clays and have lower dosing requirements of 4–10 t/km². Presently, modified clays are the most widely used method for the mitigation of HAB in the field in China. This review also evaluates potential ecological effects of modified clay disposal on water quality, typical aquatic organisms, benthic environments, and ecosystems. Both laboratory and field results have demonstrated that modified clays markedly can actually improve water quality after treatment and pose no negative effects on aquatic ecosystems."
