I think you might be seeing phosphate "disappear" because rocks and substrate (calcium carbonate) is binding most of what you add to the water. Dissolved phosphate levels are determined by an equilibrium reaction that dissolves and bind phosphate. If the equilibrium lies on the "binding"-side you basically will see phosphate disappear within hours (or a day as you noticed). If you keep adding phosphate the calcium carbonate will get saturated over time and then the equilibrium will shift towards more dissolved phosphate which your tests can pick up. This obviously assumes you are dosing more than your tank is "permanently" assimilating on a daily basis, but 0.15ppm is A LOT and I highly doubt that your tank is actually needing that much
So if you want to try battling dinoflagellates by adding phosphate to your system, you can keep dosing, but I recommend testing before you dose every single time, especially when you are using as much as 0.15ppm. I would try 0.05ppm instead to be honest. Corals really don't appreciate phosphate spikes at all. This way you don't accidentally overshoot your target and end up with too much phosphate in your system.