Thank you for the responses on this! I've lost count of how many tanks I've set up, and this one should have been the easiest of them all. Instead, I'm stuck dealing with a problem that baffles me. I still can't put zoas in this tank without them closing up, and stomatellas still begin to die within minutes. Meanwhile, the new fish in this tank still seems to be doing fine 10 days after the problem began, and the amphipod and mini nassarius populations seem to be completely unaffected. I'm completely stumped.
It does appear that the pH issue is a measurement problem, though. I took a small container of water to my other tank and put its pH probe in it. That probe quickly returned a reading of 8.38 — still higher than I think it ought to be, but far below the 8.99 that the other probe was reading.
The tank has heavy surface aeration plus aeration as the water falls through the weir. I had moved the pH probe to try to eliminate any interference, but I just moved it completely so that the wire doesn't cross anything. The pH reading didn't change. I'm also confident in my Alk measurement, because I've been testing Alk for a long time and this Alk test also shows results on my other tanks that I would expect.
I determined earlier today that this Apex isn't reading temperature correctly either. I thought that was just a calibration issue, but now it seems like the Apex is the problem.
But still no answer on what's actually wrong with the tank :/