There's no need to "disinfect". The filter isn't infected. Also, the RO membrane itself will get destroyed by chlorine, so using that very common disinfectant on the membrane would be a very bad idea.
The reason to discard the first gallon or so of water through the carbon prefilter is to rinse out the carbon fines, like you saw. Not all carbon prefilters need the first gallon discarded (good carbon blocks don't, since they have an interal sediment filter), but it isn't a bad idea to discard the first gallon in any case.
The reason to discard the first gallon or so of water through a new RO membrane is to rinse out the chemical that is put into that membrane to keep bacteria from attacking it while it is in storage.